How do you counsel patients with depression who ask about the role of the gut–brain axis (e.g., probiotics, diet, or microbiome-targeted interventions) in their symptoms?

I usually explain to patients that the gut-brain connection is real, and one of the most consistent findings is that diet matters. A Mediterranean-style, fiber-rich diet - high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats - has good evidence showing meaningful improvement in mild to moderate depression, especially as an adjunct to standard treatment.

Regarding probiotics, I explain that they may help some patients, but the benefits are modest and not consistent enough to recomm...