How do you titrate opioids for pain and breathlessness in patients with a DNR/DNI code status, but who otherwise still wish to pursue life-prolonging treatments?  

There's no simple answer to this question as it involves balancing risks and benefits; however, I would consider the following things: First, the data suggest that opiates have minimal effect on prognosis at the end of life. Using opiates for pain and breathlessness in a patient who is short of b...

Carefully! But let's be very clear about this situation: the DNR/DNI status shouldn't really affect your management if the patient wants full treatment otherwise. In fact, even if someone opts for a hospice care plan and does not want full treatment nor resuscitation, we can still have the same gene...