What are the best initial treatments for unprescribed stimulant use in patients who are using stimulants periodically to improve occupational or academic functioning?

This is such an important and increasingly common question—and I’m not sure there's a single "best" initial treatment, but I’ll share how I approach it.

First, I think it’s worth pausing on the assumption that someone who uses unprescribed stimulants for performance must have a focus problem or ADHD...