What is your stepwise therapeutic approach to acute headache without red flag features in hospitalized patients who have underlying renal, hepatic, and/or cardiac dysfunction?

Headache is an extremely common complaint during hospitalization, and so few of our patients have no contraindications to some standard therapies. Medically complex inpatients tolerate very few of the standard acute headache drugs, so therapy is built on agents that are not organ-toxic and do not ac...