What leads you to consider a non-oral form of levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

I agree with Dr. @Dr. First Last's excellent review.

Consider non-oral forms of medication when there are concerns about dysphagia. Additionally, if the dosing frequency becomes too high (e.g., five times a day of levodopa), and the patient finds it difficult to maintain this schedule, consider long...

At the moment, most levodopa formulations are oral medications. There are two non-oral forms of levodopa that are currently in clinical use; an inhalation powder and a continuous enteral solution.

The levodopa inhalation powder is a rescue, on-demand medication used as needed for OFF periods. Given ...