What strategies do you find most effective at managing opioid withdrawal in hospitalized patients who are not interested in MAT?  

There was a time when the majority of patients did not want maintenance on an opioid agonist (methadone), and we did not have partial agonists (buprenorphine) available. This underlines how far we have come in the last 15 or so years. At that time, all we did was use the alpha2 noradrenergic agonist...

I haven't cared for hospitalized patients for a while, but is the question asking about 1) patients who aren't interested in using buprenophine/methadone for long-term treatment? Or is it asking about 2) patients who don't want medicines like buprenophine as part of their taper?  If the former...

Not mentioned here is the potential for using naltrexone both as tablets and as a long-acting injection, especially for those patients who embrace a 12-step approach and have a true plan to avoid relapse, environmental, and social-network triggers. If this were in place, such as applying and being a...