When do you consider diaphragmatic pacing in patients with diaphragmatic paresis?

Diaphragmatic pacing and phrenic nerve stimulation are most typically considered in patients with chronic ventilatory failure that results from high cervical spine or brain lesions that disrupt the normal respiratory drive pathways that exist within the pons and medulla. It is also commonly used in pediatric populations for congenital ventilatory defects such as CCHS (Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome). Diaphragmatic pacing and phrenic nerve stimulation can be a means of liberation fro...