Does theophylline have a role in bradyarrhythmias, and if so, in what patient population(s) can this be considered?

I do not have a lot of experience with theophylline, but since there are no other answers will take a stab.

I would only consider it if something acute was happening, such as in the hospital setting with an easily reversible issue. Otherwise, a pacer (either transvenous or leadless) would be better f...

The only time I have ever used theophylline is in the post-transplant setting and really only as a bridge until a permanent pacemaker could be installed. I have rarely seen a case where theophylline works reliably long term to consider a permanent solution. The procedural risk of inserting a pacemak...