What are your management strategies for patients with bradycardia post-kidney biopsy who received lidocaine for local anesthesia?

In the management of patients with bradycardia post-kidney biopsy who received lidocaine for local anesthesia, one must distinguish between vasovagal reaction and Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST). Vasovagal reaction is typically characterized by bradycardia with hypotension, lightheadedness, pallor, and diaphoresis. Treatment of vasovagal reaction is supportive. Atropine and IV fluids may be needed to treat bradycardia with hypotension. LAST from lidocaine typically presents with CNS sy...